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A curious infinite sum arising from an elementary geometric argument

A well-known elementary geometric argument for the sum of an infinite geometric progression proceeds as follows: consider a Euclidean triangle ΔABC with angles A=α, B=β, C=2β and bisect C to create a point C on AB. Then ΔABCΔACC. Record the area of ΔCBC to a counter. Repeat the same bisection with C, C, ad infinitum, each time adding to the counter the area of the piece of the triangle that isn't similar to the parent triangle and bisecting the triangle that is.


Suppose the area of the original triangle ΔABC is 1, and the piece ACC has area x (thus each succeeding similar copy has area a fraction of x of the preceding triangle). Then the total value of our counter, which approaches 1, is:

(1x)+x(1x)+x2(1x)+...=1
1+x+x2+...=11x
Where x depends on the actual angle β.

It is interesting, however, to consider the case of a general scalene triangle ΔABC where C is not necessarily twice of B. Here each successive triangle wouldn't be similar to the last, thus we won't be dealing with a geometric series.

Let the angles of ΔABC be A=α, B=β,C=παβ. We bisect angle C, as before, adding to our counter the piece that contains the angle B. The remaining triangle has angles α, παβ2 and παπαβ2.

We keep repeating the process, each time bisecting the angle that is neither α nor the angle formed as half the angle that was just bisected, and adding to our counter the area of the piece that does not contain the angle A, while splitting the piece that does.

To keep track of the angles in each successive triangle, we define three series:

αn=αβn=γn1/2γn=παnβn
These are defined recursively, of course, so we calculate the explicit form by substituting γn into βn to get a recursion within βn -- then with the simple initial-value conditions α0=α, β0=β, etc. we get:

αn=αβn=πα3+(12)n(βπα3)γn=2(πα)3(12)n(βπα3)
The area ratio of the piece we're keeping at each stage is sinαnsinαn+sinβn, therefore the convergence of their sum of their areas to 1 implies:

sinαsinα+sinβ+sinβsinα+sinβsinαsinα+sinβ1+sinβsinα+sinβsinβ1sinα+sinβ1sinαsinα+sinβ2+...=1
Or more compactly:

k=0[(1xk(α,β))k1j=0xj(α,β)]=1
Where:

xk(α,β)=sin(πα3+(12)k(βπα3))sinα+sin(πα3+(12)k(βπα3))
For all values of α and β.



Well, have we truly discovered something new?

Turns out, no. It doesn't even matter what xk(α,β) is, really -- the identity k=0[(1xk(α,β))k1j=0xj(α,β)]=1 will always be true. Indeed, it is a telescoping sum:

1x0+(1x1)x0+(1x2)x0x1+(1x3)x0x1x2+...=1
All that is required is that the final term, x0x1x2x3...xk approaches 0 as k -- this ensures sum convergence. (So I suppose I was not completely right when I said it doesn't matter what xk is -- but considering renormalisation and stuff, I kinda was.)

This raises two interesting questions:
  1. How would this "telescoping sum" argument work for the simple geometric series?
  2. Can we get interesting incorrect (? perhaps renormalisations) sums by choosing an xk sequence whose product doesn't approach zero?

Well, for the geometric series we had β=(πα)/3 so that xk(α,β)=x(α,β)=sinβsinα+sinβ. Indeed, one may confirm that setting x0=x1=x2=... yields the product of the geometric series and 1x, and that happens to be telescoping. This is really just our standard proof of the series, where we multiply the sum by x, subtract this from the original sum, etc.

As for the second question -- consider, for example, xk=k+1. It gives you the sum 1!1+2!2+3!3+...=1. Of course, this is just the identity nn!=(n+1)!n!, and the telescope doesn't really cancel out so you're left with !1.

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